IPB Teliti Potensi Selulosa untuk Pengganti Kapas di Industri Tekstil

BOGOR — Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) University meneliti material selulosa seperti kapas untuk bahan dasar tekstil dan kertas linier untuk kemasan serta nonselulosa untuk kemasan aktif berpotensi besar dalam pengembangan agroindustri berkelanjutan.

Pakar teknologi industri IPB University, Profesor Farah Fahma di Kota Bogor, Senin, menerangkan bahwa dari dua jenis material tersebut, kapas merupakan bahan yang banyak diimpor karena kekurangan bahan baku.

“Salah satu potensi besar yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam mendukung agroindustri berkelanjutan adalah pengembangan material berbasis selulosa dan nanoselulosa,” kata Farah Fahma.

Farah menjelaskan selulosa merupakan komponen utama dinding sel tanaman bersama hemiselulosa dan lignin dan merupakan homopolimer linier, terdiri dari unit anhidro–glukosa yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan β-1,4 dengan unit berulang selobiosa.

Unit anhidroglukosa terdiri dari tiga gugus hidroksil yang membentuk ikatan hidrogen antar- dan intramolekul yang kuat. Selulosa dapat disolasi dari berbagai sumber, seperti tumbuhan, kayu, bakteri, tunicate, dan lain-lain.

Serat selulosa ini biasanya memiliki diameter sekitar 10-50 μm dengan derajat polimerisasi (DP) berkisar antara 1500 hingga 3500, tergantung pada sumber dan proses isolasinya.

Secara umum, selulosa diisolasi dengan 2 perlakuan utama, yaitu delignifikasi dan penghilangan hemiselulosa.

“Produksi tekstil di Indonesia masih bergantung pada impor kapas sebagai bahan baku dari selulosa. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir industri tekstil Indonesia menghadapi keterbatasan kapas sebagai bahan baku pembuatan benang tekstil,” katanya.

Kondisi tersebut, kata Farah, menyebabkan penelitian dan pengembangan serat tekstil dari sumber non-kapas sangat penting untuk menjaga keberlanjutan industri tekstil Indonesia. Serat alam seperti abaca, rami, kenaf, dan daun nanas berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai alternatif pengganti kapas di industri tekstil.

Proses ekstraksi dan pengolahan serat masih menjadi tantangan tersendiri.

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